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Court Rules

Mono Superior Court

Court-Level Rules, Filing Procedures & Policies

Rules last changed:

Limits & Logistics

Courtesy Copies

Request, Opposition

Summary Judgment Motions, Summary Adjudication Motions, Anti SLAPP Motions

  • 1 copy • Same Day as Electronic Submission

Adjournments

  • A request for more time to pay specifies the requested new deadline as a month, day, and year.
  • A request to change a trial date must follow Rule 3.10 or be made by motion under California Rule of Court 3.1332.
  • A stipulation to vacate or change a calendared matter is a joint request, does not automatically change the original date, and must state that the clerk’s office approved the availability of a proposed date if the matter is to be continued to a specific date.
  • +3 more

Request must include

Proposed Rescheduled Date

Communication

Email
civil@mono.courts.ca.gov
Scheduling
Phone
(760) 924-5444
Hours: Staffed from 30 minutes prior to the start of the court session at which the hearing will take place and during that court session.
Filters:

Document Format Requirements8 rules

FormattingMandatory

All papers presented for filing shall comply with California Rules of Court, Rules 2.100 to 2.119.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 10
|SectionRULE 2.16 FORM OF PAPERS PRESENTED FOR FILING
FormattingMandatory

All motions in limine must be in writing and are to be filed and served at least three (3) court days before the conference.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 16
|SectionRULE 4.8 PRETRIAL CONFERENCES
FormattingMandatory

All documents submitted electronically must include page numbers.

FormattingMandatory

Documents submitted through eFiling must be in PDF Format, text searchable, and viewable on any standard PDF viewer.

File type
PDF

Formatting

  • The document must be text searchable
  • The document must be viewable on any standard PDF viewer
FormattingMandatory

All documents equal to or exceeding 10 pages and containing multiple exhibits or sections must be bookmarked with the title of the corresponding exhibit or section.

Applies to
  • At least 10 pages
FormattingImportant

The use of white-out to delete or amend any of the contents of such papers is not permitted.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 10
|SectionRULE 2.16 FORM OF PAPERS PRESENTED FOR FILING
FormattingImportant

All such instructions shall be in a form that may be appropriately delivered to the jury for their reference in the jury room (The instructions shall not be denominated “Plaintiff’s Instruction” or “Defendant’s Instruction.”)

FormattingNote

Entry of plea, time waiver, and request to continue for pretrial in misdemeanor matters only can be handled through counter arraignment form (see Appendix A) for defendants represented by counsel.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 28
|SectionRULE 10.3 COUNTER ARRAIGNMENTS IN MISDEMEANOR MATTERS

Document Filing Requirements28 rules

Filing RequirementsMandatory

If that hearing is an evidentiary hearing or trial, parties objecting to the remote hearing shall file their objection as provided in California Rule of Court 3.672(h).

rule-51-remote-appearances-revision-effective-7-1-2027 · p. 1
|SectionB. General Provisions Regarding Remote Appearances
Filing RequirementsMandatoryCourt noticeProposed or draft document; may not be in force

Comments, which must be in writing and received no later than November 30, 2026, at 5:00 p.m., may be sent to:

invitation-comment-local-rules-revisions-effective-7-1-2027 · Sep 2026 · p. 1
|SectionInvitation to Comment on Proposed Changes to Local Rules of Court
Filing RequirementsMandatoryCriminal cases

Upon correction of the violation, have a law enforcement officer or an authorized inspection/installation station agent sign below. (Vehicle Code § 40616)

certificate-correction · p. 1
|SectionCORRECTABLE VIOLATIONS
Filing RequirementsMandatoryCriminal cases

NOTE: If you were cited for an insurance violation, you must submit a copy of your insurance policy.

certificate-correction · p. 1
|SectionINSTRUCTIONS
Filing RequirementsMandatory

I understand that in order for my request to be considers, I need to sign the attached “Plea Form” to waive my right to contest the ticket/citation.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

Parties may seek to set aside a default by a stipulation submitted with a proposed Order.

Document
Stipulation

Include

  • Proposed order
Filing RequirementsMandatory

The Pretrial Conference Statement must be filed five court days before the conference and include the specified case, witness, exhibit, trial-preparation, and jury materials.

Document
Pretrial conference statement

Must include

  • Exhibit list
  • Statement of facts

Court's wording

A “Pretrial Conference Statement” must be filed with the Court five (5) court days prior to the Pretrial Conference. The following shall be included in this statement and will be considered at the conference. (1) A statement of facts, law and respective contentions of the parties regarding liability, damages, nature and extent of injuries, any unusual evidentiary or legal issues anticipated at trial, and all matters of fact believed by any party to be appropriate for stipulations; (2) All witness lists, a brief statement of anticipated testimony, an exhibit list, jury instructions, any witness issues, interpreter needs, need for a court reporter, proposed verdict; (3) A proposed statement of the case to be read to the jury.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 16
|SectionRULE 4.8 PRETRIAL CONFERENCES
Filing RequirementsMandatory

In personal-injury actions, each party must attach its most recent medical report and state either that all its medical reports were delivered to the other parties or why certain reports were not delivered.

Court's wording

In actions seeking damages for personal injury, the statement of each party shall have attached to it a copy of that party’s most recent medical report and a statement that either copies of all medical reports in the possession of that party have been delivered to all other parties or that, for a specified reason, certain reports will not be so delivered.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 17
|Section4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE
Filing RequirementsMandatory

In actions seeking damages for injury to person or property, the statement shall contain a detailed summary of all items of claimed damage and a statement that copies of all medical or other bills evidencing some damage have been delivered to opposing counsel.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 17
|Section4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE
Filing RequirementsMandatory

Each settlement conference statement must summarize the facts, claimed harm, and legal issues, and include a settlement proposal.

Court's wording

In every case, the statement will contain a summary of the facts, the harm claimed by plaintiff to have been produced by defendant’s conduct and the legal issues involved as well as a proposal for the settlement of the case.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 17
|Section4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE
Filing RequirementsMandatory

When damage for earning or profit loss is claimed, the claimant’s statement shall show in detail how the amount of the claimed loss is composed and shall include a statement that copies of all wage statements or other earnings or profit records available to the claimant have been delivered to opposing counsel.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 17
|Section4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE
Filing RequirementsMandatory

In uncontested proceedings, present the proposed judgment, decree, or order to the Clerk in an original and one copy; any copy requested for endorsement and return is additional.

Court's wording

In uncontested proceedings (e.g., uncontested dissolution of marriage, default judgment, and routine probate applications), an original and one copy of the proposed judgment, decree or order sought in the proceeding shall be presented to the Clerk. The copy mentioned in the foregoing requirement is in addition to any copy which counsel desire to have endorsed and returned to counsel by the Clerk.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 18
|Section4.11.1 PROPOSED JUDGMENTS, DECREES AND ORDERS
Filing RequirementsMandatory

Unless otherwise herein directed or unless otherwise specifically ordered all ex parte applications for temporary relief, orders to show cause, orders shortening or extending time, or other kinds of orders (except probate orders) sought in the civil law and motion department or in the family law department shall be made pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 3.1200.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 18
|SectionRULE 4.11.3 EX PARTE APPLICATIONS
Filing RequirementsMandatory

In a covered proceeding, a party who alleges domestic violence in a written declaration under penalty of perjury or is protected by a qualifying order may request separate mediation sessions.

Court's wording

(a) Separate Mediation Sessions. In any proceeding for which mediation is required and there is a history of domestic violence between the parties, or where a protective order as defined in Family Code §6218 is in effect, then at the request of the party who alleges domestic violence (in a written declaration under penalty of perjury) or who is protected by the order, the appointed Mediator shall meet with the parties individually, and at separate times.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 25
|SectionSection C Custody and/or Visitation Issues Filed Under the Domestic Violence Act
Filing RequirementsMandatory

(7) If after mediation all issues regarding custody and/or visitation have been resolved the parties shall file a stipulation to that effect.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

(6) Grievances in connection with court-ordered evaluations shall be presented, in writing to the Presiding Judge within ten (10) days of receipt of the report and such grievances shall be addressed at the scheduled custody hearing.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 26
|SectionSection D Custody and/or Visitation Evaluations
Filing RequirementsMandatory

The evaluator’s report must be provided to the court and attorneys of record at least ten days before related hearings, and access and use are restricted as stated.

Court's wording

(5) A copy of the evaluator’s report shall be provided to the court and to any attorneys of record not less than ten (10) days before any related hearings. A copy of the report may be made available for review in the courtroom to self-represented parties only upon order of the court. The report may not be used for any purpose other than as evidence at a custody or visitation hearing, unless otherwise ordered by the court. The court’s copy of the report shall be placed in a confidential envelope, to be kept in the court file, not to be opened, except by a judicial officer or as may otherwise be ordered by the court after prior notice to all parties.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 26
|SectionSection D Custody and/or Visitation Evaluations
Filing RequirementsMandatory

Before each Family Code default or contested hearing involving a financial issue, each party must file complete income-and-expense and property declarations on applicable Judicial Council forms showing sufficiently recent conditions.

Court's wording

In all proceedings brought under the Family Code, prior to every default hearing and every contested hearing, there shall be filed by each party an income and expense declaration and a property declaration, using the applicable Judicial Council forms unless the matter to be considered at the hearing does not involve the consideration of any financial issue. Such statements shall show conditions as they existed no earlier than three (3) weeks prior to the hearing, shall be completely filled out so that every blank calling for information available to the declarant is filled out (with the word “none”, if that be an appropriate response),

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 26
|SectionRULE 8.2 FINANCIAL DECLARATIONS
Filing RequirementsMandatory

A Property Tax Clearance Certificate (required to be on file prior to final distribution)

Filing RequirementsMandatory

If it is likely that a final Inventory will not be on file within ninety (90) days of the date of death, mail directly to the Assessor within that period a copy of the Inventory that the personal representative plans to file (appraised values are not necessary), and thereafter furnish the Assessor with endorsed copies of the Inventories actually filed.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

To obtain a Property Tax Clearance Certificate, the Assessor must receive the Petition for Probate, applicable change-of-ownership statements, and endorsed copies of filed Inventories.

Court's wording

A Property Tax Clearance Certificate (required to be on file prior to final distribution) will be issued by the Mono County Tax Collector after the Assessor has received all of the following documents: (A) A copy of the Petition for Probate. (B) Change of ownership statement for each parcel of real property in Mono County in which decedent owned an interest, if such real property will be included in the Inventory of estate assets. (C) An endorsed copy of each Inventory filed in the estate.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

All complaints to the Court shall be in writing and directed to the judge assigned to the proceeding and filed with a court clerk.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

A jury-instruction request must include a numbered case face sheet listing requested CACI and CALCRIM instructions in two specified columns, with completed copies attached and other requested instructions described and attached.

Court's wording

The request for jury instructions shall have a face sheet with the court cause and action number which will also contain a list of CACI (Judicial Council Civil Jury Instructions) and CALCRIM (Judicial Council Criminal Jury Instructions) instructions requested. Such lists shall have two columns: (1) CACI or CALCRIM number; and, (2) the title of the instruction. Attached to said cover sheet shall be copies of all CACI and CALCRIM instructions requested with all blanks filled in and all surplusage blocked out. All other instructions requested by a party shall be described in the cover sheet and attached thereto.

Filing RequirementsMandatory

A party requesting a jury trial must submit all potentially needed special and general verdict forms and interrogatories by 9:30 a.m. on the first morning of trial.

Court's wording

A party requesting a jury trial shall submit to the trial judge at the times required by these rule and in no event later than 9:30 a.m. on the first morning of trial every form of special and general verdict and every form of interrogatory which may be required for disposition of the case.

Filing RequirementsImportantCriminal cases

Registration and driver's license violations may also be certified at an office of the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) or you may submit a copy of your driver's license or registration to the court.

certificate-correction · p. 1
|SectionCORRECTABLE VIOLATIONS
Filing RequirementsImportant

Counsel and parties are expected to execute an Ex Parte Communication form allowing assigned judge to handle mandatory settlement conference.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 12
|SectionRULE 3.4 REGULAR LAW AND MOTION
Filing RequirementsImportant

(2) After attending the orientation session the parties will be given a form verifying the parties attendance and a list of approved “court mediators” . (Court mediators have agreed to the court’s compensation schedule, and have demonstrated they meet the qualifications for a mediator set forth in the California Family Code and California Rules of Court). The parties must give the verification form to their attorneys for filing with the court, or if the parties don’t have attorneys, they should bring the form with them to the next court appearance at which time deliver it to the court clerk.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 24
|SectionRULE 8.1 CHILD CUSTODY AND/OR VISITATION, Section B Family Court Services Mediation Completion Requirements
Filing RequirementsNote

Any party’s settlement conference statement may incorporate another party’s settlement conference statement by reference.

mono-court-local-rules-07012024 · Jul 2024 · p. 17
|Section4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE

Filing & Service rules

Electronic Filing Rules

The form must be sent to the Court by mail, courthouse delivery, email, or fax.

You must send this form to the Court one of the following ways: o Mail to the Mono Superior Court, P.O. Box 1037, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 o Take to the Courthouse at 100 Thompsons Way, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 o Scan and email to mono.traffic@mono.courts.ca.gov Superior Court of California, o Fax to 760-924-5419

Page 1 | Using this form

The listed documents, including specified family law filings and documents ordered by the Court, are excluded from eFiling and must be submitted in paper format.

The following documents are excluded from eFiling and must be submitted in paper format: 1) Original will and codicil 2) Peremptory Challenges or Challenges for Cause of a Judicial Officer pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure sections 170.6 or 170.3 3) Any ex parte application that is filed concurrently with a new complaint. 4) Out-of-State Commission 5) Documents submitted conditionally under seal 6) Certificate of Facts Re Unsatisfied Judgment 7) Bonds/undertaking 8) Exhibits to be lodged for hearings or trials. 9) Subpoenaed documents 10) Request for Administrative Records 11) Affidavit Re Real Property of Small Value (Probate) 12) Copy requests 13) Any document ordered by the Court to be submitted in paper format 14) Family Law: a. Request for Entry of Default b. Notice of Entry of Judgment c. Out-of-State Judgments or Orders to be Registered d. Exhibits to be lodged for Hearings or Trials e. Child Custody Evaluation Reports

Page 21

eFilings must be submitted through an authorized Electronic Filing Service Provider.

eFilings must be submitted through an authorized Electronic Filing Service Provider (EFSP).

Page 21

For civil, family law, small claims, and probate cases, the Court will not accept filings through other electronic methods such as email or fax.

Filings will not be accepted by this Court through any other electronic methods (for example, email or fax for the following case types: Civil, Family Law, Small Claims and Probate.

Page 21

Documents may be filed through the drop box at the Mammoth Lakes Courthouse, including when the courthouse is open or closed; no drop box is available at the Bridgeport Courthouse.

The drop box for the Mono County Superior Court is located at the entrance to the Mammoth Lakes Courthouse, 100 Thompsons Way, Mammoth Lakes, California. There is no drop box located at the Bridgeport Courthouse. The drop box can be used to file documents and to make payments in conformity with California Rules of Court, rule 2.210. When using the drop box for payments, only checks or money orders should be deposited in the drop box with supporting documents. Do not deposit cash in the drop box. The drop box can be used when the courthouse is closed or can be used when the courthouse is opened in lieu of standing in line at the court clerks counter or in lieu of mailing.

Page 1 | Location and Use of Drop Box of Mono County Superior Court

eFiling is permitted for matters listed on the Court’s website, paper filings remain accepted, and the Court may later make eFiling mandatory by further order.

The Superior Court of California, County of Mono, permits the electronic filing (eFiling) of documents in accordance with California Code of Civil Procedure 1010.6 and California Rules of Court Rule 2.250 et seq., for specified matters as listed on the Court’s website at www.mono.courts.ca.gov. B. Use of eFiling is permissive and in-person filings will continue to be accepted at the Clerk’s office. eFiling can be changed to a mandatory requirement at any time through further orders of this Court.

Page 21

Filing Timing and Cure Windows

Written comments must be received no later than November 30, 2026, at 5:00 p.m.

Comments, which must be in writing and received no later than November 30, 2026, at 5:00 p.m., may be sent to:

Court notice · Proposed or draft document; may not be in force

Page 1 | Invitation to Comment on Proposed Changes to Local Rules of Court

A drop-box document deposited after 4:00 p.m. on a court day or on a judicial holiday is deemed deposited for filing on the next court day if accepted after clerk review and compliant with the applicable format and rules.

Any document deposited in the court's drop box is deemed to have been deposited for filing on the next court day if accepted for filing after review by a court clerk and if it: - (1) It is deposited on a court day after 4:00 p.m. - (2) It is deposited on a judicial holiday. In order for a document to be accepted for filing on the next court day, the document must be in proper format and in compliance with Mono County Superior Court local rules and California Rules of Court.

Page 1 | Documents deemed filed on next court day

A drop-box document deposited by 4:00 p.m. on a court day is deemed deposited for filing that day if accepted after clerk review and compliant with the applicable format and rules.

At 4:00 PM of a court day, court staff will remove all documents deposited and begin the process of filing deposited documents. Any document deposited in the court's drop box up to and including 4:00 p.m. on a court day is deemed to have been deposited for filing on that day, if accepted for filing after review by a court clerk. In order for a document to be accepted for filing on the day of deposit, the document must be in proper format and in compliance with Mono County Superior Court local rules and California Rules of Court.

Page 1 | Documents deemed filed on day of deposit

Responsive papers to an Order to Show Cause must be filed at least five days before the hearing.

Responsive papers to the Order to Show Cause must be filed and served five (5) days in advance of the hearing.

Page 14 | RULE 4.5 SERVICE OF SUMMONS

Each served party must file all necessary responsive pleadings within the time required by law.

Each party served shall file and serve all necessary responsive pleadings within the time required by law.

Page 14 | RULE 4.6 RESPONSIVE PLEADINGS

If responsive pleadings are not filed, the plaintiff must request entry of default within 60 days after the statutory response deadline.

Absent the filing of the responsive pleadings, the plaintiff is required, within sixty (60) days after the statutory time for filing the responsive pleadings, to request the entry of default, as herein provided.

Page 14 | RULE 4.6 RESPONSIVE PLEADINGS

If the court approves the order setting aside default, an Answer or other pleading must be filed within ten days after the order is filed.

If the Court approves the Order, an Answer or other pleading must be filed within ten (10) days of the filing of the Order.

Page 15

Motions in limine must be filed at least three court days before the Pretrial Conference.

All motions in limine must be in writing and are to be filed and served at least three (3) court days before the conference.

Page 16 | RULE 4.8 PRETRIAL CONFERENCES

The Pretrial Conference Statement must be filed five court days before the Pretrial Conference.

A “Pretrial Conference Statement” must be filed with the Court five (5) court days prior to the Pretrial Conference.

Page 16 | RULE 4.8 PRETRIAL CONFERENCES

Counsel for each party must file a detailed settlement conference statement with the Clerk at least five court days before the conference.

At least five (5) court days before the conference, counsel for each party will file with the Clerk of this Court, and serve upon all other counsel, a detailed settlement conference statement.

Page 17 | 4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE

All written orders signed by a judge, including the listed examples, must be filed forthwith.

All written orders, including orders to show cause, orders for examination of judgment debtors, temporary restraining orders and injunctions, signed by a judge, shall be filed forthwith.

Page 18 | RULE 4.11.2 FILING AND SERVICE OF ORDERS

An endorsed copy bearing proof of service must be filed before the hearing.

An endorsed copy shall be served upon the parties to be notified thereof and an endorsed copy, bearing proof of service, shall be filed prior to the hearing.

Page 18 | RULE 4.11.2 FILING AND SERVICE OF ORDERS

Electronic documents received between midnight and 11:59 p.m. on a court day are deemed filed that day; those received on a weekend or holiday are deemed filed on the next court day.

Any documents received electronically by the Court between 12:00 a.m. and 11:59 p.m. on any court day, are deemed filed that same day. Any documents received electronically on a non-court day (i.e., weekend or holiday) are deemed filed on the next court day.

Page 21

Financial declarations must be filed by the court day before the hearing unless a rule or statute requires earlier filing.

and shall be filed no later than the Court day prior to the hearing, unless an earlier filing is required by rule or statute.

Page 26 | RULE 8.2 FINANCIAL DECLARATIONS

Evaluation grievances must be submitted within ten days after receipt of the report and are addressed at the scheduled custody hearing.

(6) Grievances in connection with court-ordered evaluations shall be presented, in writing to the Presiding Judge within ten (10) days of receipt of the report and such grievances shall be addressed at the scheduled custody hearing.

Page 26 | Section D Custody and/or Visitation Evaluations

If a final Inventory is unlikely to be on file within 90 days after death, the personal representative must mail the planned Inventory to the Assessor within that period and later furnish endorsed copies of Inventories actually filed.

If it is likely that a final Inventory will not be on file within ninety (90) days of the date of death, mail directly to the Assessor within that period a copy of the Inventory that the personal representative plans to file (appraised values are not necessary), and thereafter furnish the Assessor with endorsed copies of the Inventories actually filed.

Page 27 | RULE 9.1 TAX CERTIFICATES

A counter arraignment form must reach the clerk by 3:00 p.m. on the day before the scheduled arraignment.

Counter arraignment forms must be received by the clerk no later than 3:00 p.m. the day before the scheduled arraignment.

Page 28 | RULE 10.3 COUNTER ARRAIGNMENTS IN MISDEMEANOR MATTERS

Absent an order based on good cause, a misdemeanor complaint for a defendant in custody must be presented for filing by 3:00 p.m. on the day before the defendant’s first appearance.

Except as ordered upon a showing of good cause, the complaint shall be presented to the clerk for filing not later than (i) 3:00 p.m. on the day before the defendant’s first appearance, if the defendant is in custody; or (ii) 3:00 p.m. of the second calendar day preceding the date of first appearance, if the defendant is not in custody.

Page 28 | RULE 10.1 FILING OF MISDEMEANORS

Absent an order based on good cause, the information or indictment must be presented to the clerk by noon on the day before the defendant’s first appearance for arraignment.

Except as ordered upon a showing of good cause, the information or indictment shall be presented to the clerk for filing not later than 12:00 noon on the day before defendant’s first appearance for arraignment on the Information.

Page 28 | RULE 10.2 FILING OF FELONIES

Attorneys must meet statutory filing and hearing deadlines unless the Court specifically approves otherwise with applicable time waivers.

Unless otherwise specifically approved by the Court, accompanied by applicable time waivers, attorneys for parties are required to adhere to the statutory timeliness for all filings and hearings.

Page 29 | RULE 11.1 TIMELINESS

An attorney may respond to a qualifying complaint in writing within 10 court days, or up to 30 calendar days if good cause is shown.

If the Court determines that the complaint presents reasonable cause to believe that the attorney may have failed to act competently or professionally, the Court shall notify the attorney in question of the complaint and shall give the attorney the opportunity to respond in writing within 10 court days, or up to 30 calendar days if good cause shown.

Page 31

The jury-trial forms and interrogatories must be submitted no later than 9:30 a.m. on the first morning of trial.

A party requesting a jury trial shall submit to the trial judge at the times required by these rule and in no event later than 9:30 a.m. on the first morning of trial every form of special and general verdict and every form of interrogatory which may be required for disposition of the case.

Page 33 | Rule 13.2

Requested jury instructions must be delivered to the trial judge at the times provided by the rule or at other times ordered by the court.

Requested jury instructions shall be delivered to the trial judge at the times provided herein, or at such other times provided herein, or at such other times as my be ordered by the court.

Page 33 | Rule 13.3

The comment period runs from September 15 through October 30, 2026.

The comment period will run from Tuesday, September 15, 2026, through Friday, October 30, 2026.

Court notice · Proposed or draft document; may not be in force

Page 1 | Invitation to Comment on Proposed Changes to Local Rules of Court

An act due on a defined holiday may be performed on the next succeeding court day with the same effect.

If any day on which an act is required by these rules to be done falls on a holiday as defined in Code of Civil Procedure §1354 and Government Code §6700, the act may be performed with the same effect as if it had been performed on the required day on the next succeeding court day after the holiday.

Page 7 | RULE 2.2 HOLIDAYS

Service and Proof of Service Rules

For the specified matters, a Notice of Remote Appearance need not be filed but must be served under Rule 3.672 unless the parties stipulated to waive notice.

The Court waives notice of parties appearing remotely for these matters. Parties do not need to file a Notice of Remote Appearance, but must serve the notice as set forth in Rule 3.672 unless the parties have stipulated to waive notice.

Page 1 | C. Civil Case Management, Law & Motion, and Ex Parte Hearings; Short-Cause Family Matters

For the specified probate hearings, a Notice of Remote Appearance need not be filed but must be served under California Rule of Court 3.672 unless the parties stipulated to waive notice.

The Court waives notice of parties appearing remotely for these matters. Parties do not need to file a Notice of Remote Appearance, but must serve the notice as set forth in California Rule of Court 3.672 unless the parties have stipulated to waive notice.

Page 2 | E. Probate Matters

After the trial setting conference, the Clerk must mail notice of trial unless counsel appeared in court when the trial was set.

Following the trial setting conference, the Clerk shall mail notice of trial, unless counsel appeared in Court when Trial was set.

Page 13 | RULE 3.12 NOTICE OF TRIAL

Each served party must file and serve all necessary responsive pleadings within the time required by law.

Each party served shall file and serve all necessary responsive pleadings within the time required by law.

Page 14 | RULE 4.6 RESPONSIVE PLEADINGS

Responsive papers to an Order to Show Cause must be served at least five days before the hearing.

Responsive papers to the Order to Show Cause must be filed and served five (5) days in advance of the hearing.

Page 14 | RULE 4.5 SERVICE OF SUMMONS

The complaint must be served and proof of service filed within 60 days after filing, with the period running from the amended complaint’s filing date in the stated first-amendment circumstances.

Within sixty (60) days of the filing, the Complaint must be served and a proof of service filed with the Court. When a complaint is voluntarily amended for the first time, pursuant to the California Code of Civil Procedures 472, before the defendant answers (even after demurrer), the time herein shall run from the file date of the amended complaint.

Page 14 | RULE 4.5 SERVICE OF SUMMONS

The responding party must be served with the initial Case Management Conference notice when the Summons and Complaint are served, or when a cross-complaint is served on a new party.

At the time of serving the Summons and Complaint (and a cross- complaint upon a new party), the responding party shall be served with the Notice of initial Case Management Conference.

Page 15 | RULE 4.7 CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE

Motions in limine must be served at least three court days before the Pretrial Conference.

All motions in limine must be in writing and are to be filed and served at least three (3) court days before the conference.

Page 16 | RULE 4.8 PRETRIAL CONFERENCES

Counsel for each party must serve the detailed settlement conference statement on all other counsel at least five court days before the conference.

At least five (5) court days before the conference, counsel for each party will file with the Clerk of this Court, and serve upon all other counsel, a detailed settlement conference statement.

Page 17 | 4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE

An endorsed copy of the order must be served on the parties to be notified, and an endorsed copy bearing proof of service must be filed before the hearing.

An endorsed copy shall be served upon the parties to be notified thereof and an endorsed copy, bearing proof of service, shall be filed prior to the hearing.

Page 18 | RULE 4.11.2 FILING AND SERVICE OF ORDERS

In the specified civil and short-cause family matters, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of another party’s remote appearance; otherwise, the notice must be served under Rule 3.672, though it need not be filed.

Parties in civil case management, civil law and motion, civil ex parte (not including domestic violence restraining orders), and short-cause family law matters may stipulate either orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearance. The Court waives notice of parties appearing remotely for these matters. Parties do not need to file a Notice of Remote Appearance, but must serve the notice as set forth in Rule 3.672 unless the parties have stipulated to waive notice.

Page 19 | Rule 5.1(C)

For specified probate hearings, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of another party’s remote appearance; otherwise, the notice must be served under California Rule of Court 3.672, though it need not be filed.

For probate hearings other than evidentiary hearings, settlement conferences, and trials, parties may stipulate either orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearance. The Court waives notice of parties appearing remotely for these matters. Parties do not need to file a Notice of Remote Appearance, but must serve the notice as set forth in California Rule of Court 3.672 unless the parties have stipulated to waive notice.

Page 20 | Rule 5.1(E)

When a petition or moving papers are filed, the clerk must provide the petitioner with this rule and the Family Court Services Coordinator’s name and telephone number, and the petitioner must serve them together with the petition or moving papers on the responding party.

(2) This rule and the name and telephone number of the Family Court Services Coordinator (FCSC) shall be provided by the clerk of the court to a petitioner upon any filing of a petition or moving papers. The petitioner shall serve the same, along with the petition or moving papers, on the responding party.

Page 24 | RULE 8.1 CHILD CUSTODY AND/OR VISITATION, Section A Applicability/General Procedure

At arraignment, the district attorney must provide a complaint copy for distribution to the defendant.

The district attorney shall provide a copy of the complaint for distribution to the defendant at the time of arraignment.

Page 28 | RULE 10.1 FILING OF MISDEMEANORS

A party appearing by telephone must give proper notice to the court and all other parties at least two days beforehand.

To appear by telephone, a party must provide proper notice to the court and to all other parties at least two (2) days before the appearance as set forth in CRC 3.670(h).

Court notice

Page 4 | NOTICE REGARDING TELEPHONIC APPEARANCES

In the specified civil case management, law and motion, ex parte, and short-cause family matters, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearances.

Parties in civil case management, civil law and motion, civil ex parte (not including domestic violence restraining orders), and short-cause family law matters may stipulate either orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearance.

Page 1 | C. Civil Case Management, Law & Motion, and Ex Parte Hearings; Short-Cause Family Matters

For probate hearings other than evidentiary hearings, settlement conferences, and trials, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearances.

For probate hearings other than evidentiary hearings, settlement conferences, and trials, parties may stipulate either orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearance.

Page 2 | E. Probate Matters

Untimely cross-complaints shall, in most cases, be served so as not to delay the orderly processes of the Court.

Untimely cross-complaints shall, in most cases, be served so as not to delay the orderly processes of the Court.

Page 15 | RULE 4.7 CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE

Filing Fees and Waivers

The court will dismiss a violation after receiving proof of correction and a $25 transaction fee for that violation.

The violation will be dismissed upon the court's receipt of the proof of correction and the $25 transaction fee, per violation.

Criminal cases

Page 1 | CORRECTABLE VIOLATIONS

After sign-off, mail the form and a $25 proof-of-correction fee for each correctable violation to the court.

After the violation(s) are signed off, mail the form and the required $25 proof of correction fee per correctable violation to the court.

Criminal cases

Page 1 | INSTRUCTIONS

The party requesting a jury trial must deposit jury fees in the statutory amount, and the court will keep the deposit if a jury is not required.

A deposit of jury fees in the statutory amount shall be made by the party requesting a trial by jury as provided in section 631 of the Code of Civil Procedure. In the event that a jury is not required for the trial of any case for which a deposit of jury fees has been made, the deposit will be appropriated by the court.

Page 33 | Rule 13.5

Drop-box payments must be made by check or money order with supporting documents; cash is prohibited.

When using the drop box for payments, only checks or money orders should be deposited in the drop box with supporting documents. Do not deposit cash in the drop box.

Page 1 | Location and Use of Drop Box of Mono County Superior Court

Choosing a payment plan adds a $35 administrative fee to the total.

Payment plan: I want to pay: $______ every month on the day of the month, until this fine is paid off. There will be a $35 administrative fee added to your total.

Page 3 | 5 What are you asking the Court to do?

Traffic school adds a mandatory, non-reducible, non-refundable $65 fee, even if the person later learns they are ineligible.

Attend traffic school (this will add a mandatory, non-reducible $65 fee to your total) Please note that traffic school is only allowed once every 18 months from violation date to violation date. It is your responsibly to know if you are eligible for traffic school or not. The $65 fee is non-refundable, even if you find out that you are not eligible for traffic school after the fact.

Page 3 | 5 What are you asking the Court to do?

Mandatory fees cannot be reduced solely because the person cannot afford to pay them.

There are mandatory fees that cannot be reduced just because you do not have the money to pay them.

Page 3 | 5 What are you asking the Court to do?

An EFSP may charge a transaction fee, but EFSP fees are waived for parties with an active fee waiver and for government entities.

Each EFSP may charge a transaction fee. EFSP fees are waived for parties with an active fee waiver and government entities.

Page 21

Courtesy Copy Requirements

Courtesy copies of requests or oppositions must be filed with the department.

Courtesy copies of any requests or oppositions shall be filed with the department.

Page 2 | D. Civil Evidentiary Hearings, Settlement Conferences, and Trials

Courtesy copies of requests or oppositions must be filed with the department.

Courtesy copies of any requests or oppositions shall be filed with the department.

Page 20 | Rule 5.1(D)(3)

A printed courtesy copy, including supporting documents and proof of electronic submission, is required for summary judgment, summary adjudication, and Anti-SLAPP motions regardless of page count, and should be provided the same day as electronic submission.

A printed courtesy copy (along with proof of electronic submission) is required for all Motions of Summary Judgment, Motions for Summary Adjudication, and Anti- SLAPP Motions, including all supporting documents, regardless of the number of pages. The printed courtesy copy should be provided the same day the electronic copy is submitted.

Page 21

Sealing & Redaction Procedures

Social security numbers and other private information must be crossed out on copies submitted to the Court.

Cross out any social security numbers, or other private information, on the copy you give to the Court.

Page 2 | 3 Do you have anything that shows your public benefits, income, or expenses?

The court’s copy of an evaluator’s report must be kept in a confidential envelope in the court file and may be opened only by a judicial officer or as otherwise ordered after prior notice to all parties.

The court’s copy of the report shall be placed in a confidential envelope, to be kept in the court file, not to be opened, except by a judicial officer or as may otherwise be ordered by the court after prior notice to all parties.

Page 26 | Section D Custody and/or Visitation Evaluations

If a party designates its settlement conference statement as confidential, it is kept out of the Clerk’s file and retained by the settlement conference judge after the conference.

The statement will not form a part of the Clerk’s file but will be retained by the settlement conference judge following the conference, if a party designates the statement as a confidential statement.

Page 17 | 4.10.2 DUTIES OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO CONFERENCE

Pre-Motion Conference Requirements

A pretrial conference will be set about two weeks before trial, and motions in limine must be heard there rather than on the trial day.

A pre-trial conference will be set approximately two weeks prior to trial. Motions in limine shall be heard at the pretrial conference, and not on the day of trial. (see Rule 4.8).

Page 13 | RULE 3.13 PRETRIAL CONFERENCE

Before any Family Code matter is heard, counsel and their clients or self-represented parties must meet and confer in good faith and exchange potentially relevant or evidentiary documents; compliance is expected to be represented at the hearing.

No matter (including a motion, order to show cause, or trial) in a proceeding brought under the Family Code will be heard until counsel, with their respective clients are either physically present or immediately physically available, or parties in pro per, have met and conferred in a good faith effort to resolve all issues. Such Conference shall include an exchange of all documents which may be relevant to contested issued or which may be offered in evidence. At the onset of the hearing on the matter, counsel, or parties in pro per, will be expected to represent to the Court that there has been compliance with this rule. Non-compliance with the rule may result in the matter being dropped from the calendar or continued, or the rejection of documents not exchanged, or other appropriate sanctions.

Page 26 | RULE 8.3 PRE-HEARING CONFERENCE

Adjournment & Extension Requirements

A request to change a trial date must follow Rule 3.10 or be made by motion under California Rule of Court 3.1332.

All requests for a change in trial date must either conform to section 3.10, or be brought by motion pursuant to California Rule of Court 3.1332.

Page 12 | RULE 3.9 REQUESTS FOR CHANGES IN TRIAL DATES

A stipulation to vacate or change a calendared matter is a joint request, does not automatically change the original date, and must state that the clerk’s office approved the availability of a proposed date if the matter is to be continued to a specific date.

Stipulations to vacate a matter that has been calendared or for a change of a date for a matter that has been calendared by the court are joint requests by the stipulating parties that a date be changed. The originally calendared date will not automatically be changed. If the stipulation is that the matter be continued to a specific date, the stipulation must aver that the clerk’s office has approved the availability of the proposed date.

Page 12 | RULE 3.10 STIPULATION REGARDING CALENDARED MATTERS

A date that has been set may not be changed without a showing of good cause.

It is the policy of the Court that, once any date has been set, it cannot be changed without a showing of good cause.

Page 14 | RULE 4.4 CIVIL LITIGATION DELAY REDUCTION

A trial continuance will not be granted unless the Penal Code §1050 procedures are followed.

No continuance of the trial will be granted without compliance with Penal Code §1050 procedures.

Page 28 | RULE 10.5 TRIAL CONFIRMATION HEARING

A request for more time to pay specifies the requested new deadline as a month, day, and year.

More time to pay: Please change my deadline to (month/day/year): _______________________

Page 3 | 5 What are you asking the Court to do?

Failure to file a cross-complaint is not a valid ground for enlarging the time for trial, arbitration, or other processes.

(Failure to file cross-complaints shall not be considered a valid ground for enlarging the time for trial, arbitration, or other processes).

Page 15 | RULE 4.7 CASE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE

Chambers Communication Rules

A hearing date and time for an ex parte application and order must be arranged in advance by contacting the Superior Court Clerk’s office.

A hearing date and time for ex parte applications and order must be made in advance by contacting the Superior Court Clerk’s office.

Page 18 | RULE 4.11.3 EX PARTE APPLICATIONS

Anyone who observes or believes they have experienced bias or sexual harassment must immediately report it to the court’s Executive Officer.

Any person who observes or believes they have been subjected to bias or sexual harassment shall immediately report the incident to the court’s Executive Officer.

Page 7 | RULE 2.6 COMPLAINTS RE: BIAS OR SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Counsel must instruct their staff, represented parties, attending associates, and witnesses not to communicate with the court about pending litigation except on the record with all counsel or self-represented parties present.

Counsel shall instruct their staff, the parties they represent, any associates of such parties who may attend court, and the witnesses they call that they shall have no communication with the court touching upon any subject of the pending litigation except on the record with all counsel or parties appearing in propria persona present.

Page 9 | RULE 2.10 COMMUNICATIONS TO COURT OR JURY

Only judicial officers and court staff may use a courtroom telephone, unless the court specifically permits another person to use it.

No one other than a judicial officer or a member of the court’s staff shall use a courtroom telephone without the specific permission of the court.

Page 9 | RULE 2.11 TELEPHONES, CELLULAR PHONES, AND PERSONAL DIGITAL DEVICES

Persons in the courtroom may not talk to clerks while court is in session, except as necessary in relation to the matter then before the court.

Persons in the courtroom shall not: Talk to clerks when the court is in session, except conversation that may be necessary in relation to the matter at that moment before the court.

Page 9 | RULE 2.9 GENERAL COURTROOM BEHAVIOR

Counsel must instruct represented parties, attending associates, and their witnesses not to communicate with any juror or alternate juror.

Counsel shall instruct the parties that they represent, any associates of such parties who may attend court, and the witnesses they call that they shall have no communication with any juror or alternate juror.

Page 9 | RULE 2.10 COMMUNICATIONS TO COURT OR JURY

Cell phones and personal digital devices may not be used in the courtroom, except for court-related purposes by judicial officers, court staff, attorneys, and self-represented litigants.

Cellular phones and or personal digital devices shall not be used within the courtroom at any time, except for court related purpose by judicial officers, court staff, attorneys and self-represented litigants.

Page 10 | RULE 2.11 TELEPHONES, CELLULAR PHONES, AND PERSONAL DIGITAL DEVICES

The public may call the designated department phone number for remote-appearance assistance; the number is posted on the restraining-order webpage and is staffed starting 30 minutes before the court session and throughout it.

The Court designates the departmental phone number for the department hearing each respective order as the phone number for the public to call to obtain assistance regarding a remote appearance. The designated departmental phone numbers will be posted on the restraining order webpage above. These phone numbers will be staffed from 30 minutes prior to the start of the court session at which the hearing will take place and during that court session.

Page 2 | G. Special Rules for Domestic Violence and Gun Violence Restraining Orders

To obtain a date for a Civil Law and Motion matter, contact the court at civil@mono.courts.ca.gov.

Civil Law and Motion matters are heard on Thursdays in Mammoth Lakes, and on Tuesdays as needed in Bridgeport. Contact court for date at civil@mono.courts.ca.gov.

Page 12 | RULE 3.4 REGULAR LAW AND MOTION

The public may call the hearing department’s posted phone number for remote-appearance assistance, and the number is staffed from 30 minutes before the session begins through the session.

The Court designates the departmental phone number for the department hearing each respective order as the phone number for the public to call to obtain assistance regarding a remote appearance. The designated departmental phone numbers will be posted on the restraining order webpage above. These phone numbers will be staffed from 30 minutes prior to the start of the court session at which the hearing will take place and during that court session.

Page 20 | Rule 5.1(G)(2)

Questions about telephonic appearances may be directed to the Mono County Superior Court by phone.

For questions regarding telephonic appearances, please call the Mono County Superior Court at (760) 924-5444 or email at mono.civil@monocourt.org.

Court notice

Page 4 | NOTICE REGARDING TELEPHONIC APPEARANCES

Common questions about Mono Superior Court rules

Are courtesy copies required in Mono Superior Court?

Courtesy-copy rule applies for requests and oppositions. Courtesy copies of requests or oppositions must be filed with the department.

View ruleSource: page 2, section D. Civil Evidentiary Hearings, Settlement Conferences, and Trials

Does Mono Superior Court require a pre-motion conference or letter before filing a motion?

A pretrial conference will be set about two weeks before trial, and motions in limine must be heard there rather than on the trial day.

View ruleSource: page 13, section RULE 3.13 PRETRIAL CONFERENCE

What formatting rules apply to filings in Mono Superior Court?

Mono Superior Court's formatting rule includes file format PDF, the document must be text searchable., and the document must be viewable on any standard pdf viewer.. Documents submitted through eFiling must be searchable PDFs viewable in a standard PDF viewer.

View ruleSource: page 21

What must be included with remote hearing objection filings in Mono Superior Court?

A party objecting to a remote evidentiary hearing or trial must file an objection under California Rule of Court 3.672(h).

View ruleSource: page 1, section B. General Provisions Regarding Remote Appearances

What must be included with certificate of correction filings in Mono Superior Court?

After correcting a violation, have a law enforcement officer or an authorized inspection or installation station agent sign the form.

View ruleSource: page 1, section CORRECTABLE VIOLATIONS

How may parties contact Mono Superior Court?

A hearing date and time for an ex parte application and order must be arranged in advance by contacting the Superior Court Clerk’s office.

View ruleSource: page 18, section RULE 4.11.3 EX PARTE APPLICATIONS

How does Mono Superior Court handle sealed or redacted filings?

Social security numbers and other private information must be crossed out on copies submitted to the Court.

View ruleSource: page 2, section 3 Do you have anything that shows your public benefits, income, or expenses?

How do I request an adjournment or extension in Mono Superior Court?

A request to change a trial date must follow Rule 3.10 or be made by motion under California Rule of Court 3.1332.

View ruleSource: page 12, section RULE 3.9 REQUESTS FOR CHANGES IN TRIAL DATES

Are filing fees or waivers addressed in Mono Superior Court?

A fee is required for covered filings. After sign-off, mail the form and a $25 proof-of-correction fee for each correctable violation to the court.

View ruleSource: page 1, section INSTRUCTIONS

Is electronic filing required in Mono Superior Court?

The form must be sent to the Court by mail, courthouse delivery, email, or fax.

View ruleSource: page 1, section Using this form

When is a filing treated as filed in Mono Superior Court?

The rule uses a 4:00 p.m. cutoff and treats filing as same day if before cutoff. A drop-box document deposited by 4:00 p.m. on a court day is deemed deposited for filing that day if accepted after clerk review and compliant with the applicable format and rules.

View ruleSource: page 1, section Documents deemed filed on day of deposit

What rule applies to service for notice of remote appearance in Mono Superior Court?

For the specified matters, a Notice of Remote Appearance need not be filed but must be served under Rule 3.672 unless the parties stipulated to waive notice.

View ruleSource: page 1, section C. Civil Case Management, Law & Motion, and Ex Parte Hearings; Short-Cause Family Matters
Complete rules summary for Mono Superior Court

A party objecting to a remote evidentiary hearing or trial must file an objection under California Rule of Court 3.672(h).

In the specified civil case management, law and motion, ex parte, and short-cause family matters, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearances.

For the specified matters, a Notice of Remote Appearance need not be filed but must be served under Rule 3.672 unless the parties stipulated to waive notice.

Courtesy copies of requests or oppositions must be filed with the department.

For probate hearings other than evidentiary hearings, settlement conferences, and trials, parties may stipulate orally or in writing to waive notice of other parties’ remote appearances.

For the specified probate hearings, a Notice of Remote Appearance need not be filed but must be served under California Rule of Court 3.672 unless the parties stipulated to waive notice.

The public may call the designated department phone number for remote-appearance assistance; the number is posted on the restraining-order webpage and is staffed starting 30 minutes before the court session and throughout it.

The comment period runs from September 15 through October 30, 2026.

Comments must be in writing and received by November 30, 2026, at 5:00 p.m.

Written comments must be received no later than November 30, 2026, at 5:00 p.m.

After correcting a violation, have a law enforcement officer or an authorized inspection or installation station agent sign the form.

Registration and driver's license violations may be certified at a DMV office, or a copy of the license or registration may be submitted to the court.

If cited for an insurance violation, submit a copy of the insurance policy.

After sign-off, mail the form and a $25 proof-of-correction fee for each correctable violation to the court.

The court will dismiss a violation after receiving proof of correction and a $25 transaction fee for that violation.

Documents may be filed through the drop box at the Mammoth Lakes Courthouse, including when the courthouse is open or closed; no drop box is available at the Bridgeport Courthouse.

Drop-box payments must be made by check or money order with supporting documents; cash is prohibited.

A drop-box document deposited by 4:00 p.m. on a court day is deemed deposited for filing that day if accepted after clerk review and compliant with the applicable format and rules.

A drop-box document deposited after 4:00 p.m. on a court day or on a judicial holiday is deemed deposited for filing on the next court day if accepted after clerk review and compliant with the applicable format and rules.

The form must be sent to the Court by mail, courthouse delivery, email, or fax.

Social security numbers and other private information must be crossed out on copies submitted to the Court.

Mandatory fees cannot be reduced solely because the person cannot afford to pay them.

Choosing a payment plan adds a $35 administrative fee to the total.

Traffic school adds a mandatory, non-reducible, non-refundable $65 fee, even if the person later learns they are ineligible.

A request for more time to pay specifies the requested new deadline as a month, day, and year.

The attached Plea Form must be signed for the request to be considered, waiving the right to contest the ticket or citation.

An act due on a defined holiday may be performed on the next succeeding court day with the same effect.

Anyone who observes or believes they have experienced bias or sexual harassment must immediately report it to the court’s Executive Officer.

Persons in the courtroom may not talk to clerks while court is in session, except as necessary in relation to the matter then before the court.

Counsel must instruct their staff, represented parties, attending associates, and witnesses not to communicate with the court about pending litigation except on the record with all counsel or self-represented parties present.

More Judges in Mono Superior Court

Gerald F. Mohun Jr.
Judge
Mark G. Magit
Judge