Los Angeles Superior Court Courtesy Copy Requirements
173 rules from official source documents
When and how to deliver courtesy copies to chambers, including triggers, timing, and formatting. This page is scoped to Los Angeles Superior Court; use the court rules overview to switch categories without leaving this court.
A printed courtesy copy of ex parte oppositions must be provided to the court on the hearing day.
Source text: A printed courtesy copy of any opposition to an ex parte application must be provided to the court the day of the ex parte hearing.
Filings e-filed two or fewer days before hearing require a courtesy copy delivered by 4:30 p.m. same day, or 10:00 a.m. next business day if e-filed after 4:30 p.m.
Source text: For any filing electronically filed two or fewer days before the hearing, a courtesy copy must be delivered to the courtroom by 4:30 p.m. the same business day the document is efiled. If the efiling is submitted after 4:30 p.m., the courtesy copy must be delivered to the courtroom by 10:00 a.m. the next business day.
Pleadings and motions of 26 or more pages require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more;
Pleadings and motions with points and authorities require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Pleadings and motions that include points and authorities;
Demurrers require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Demurrers;
Anti-SLAPP filings require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Anti-SLAPP filings, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16;
Motions for summary judgment/adjudication require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Motions for Summary Judgment/Adjudication;
Motions to compel further discovery require a printed courtesy copy.
Source text: Motions to Compel Further Discovery.
Courtesy copies of all electronically filed motion-related documents must be delivered to Department A15 within one court day of filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all motion-related documents filed electronically must be delivered to Department A15 within one (1) court day of the electronic filing.
Courtesy copy of the IDC joint report must be delivered to the courtroom within one court day of electronic filing.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the report shall be delivered to the courtroom within one court day of the electronic filing.
Courtesy copies are not required unless specifically requested, except for IDC statements and ex parte oppositions.
Source text: The Court does not require courtesy copies of filed documents unless it makes a specific request. The only exceptions are Informal Discovery Conference Statements and ex parte oppositions, as explained below.
Motions in limine must be submitted in a 3-ring binder with TOC and tabs, 2 calendar days before FSC.
Source text: Separate Notebooks Are Required for All Motions in Limine: In addition to filing electronically, the party filing the motion(s) in limine must also submit a 3-ring binder notebook containing all motions, oppositions, and replies. The notebook must have both a Table of Contents and tab dividers to separate each numbered motion and its corresponding opposition and reply. The notebook shall be submitted at least two (2) calendar days prior to the FSC. Late filed notebooks may result in the motions not being considered.
Hard-copy courtesy copies of IDC statements must be provided to the Court on the day of filing.
Source text: The parties shall provide the Court with hard-copy courtesy copies of the IDC statement on the day of filing.
Exhibits must be in numbered notebooks, 5 copies submitted on first day of trial; exhibits numbered consecutively with dash for multi-page.
Source text: On the first day of trial, the parties are ordered to jointly submit five identical copies of the Exhibit Notebooks as hearing exhibits shall not be filed electronically. Those exhibits can be numbered consecutively in the lower, right-hand corner of each document. Each page should be given an exhibit number, so that if an exhibit contains multiple pages, it should have a "-"(dash) delineating each page. For example, if Exhibit 1 consists of 3 pages, it would be numbered as follows: Exhibit 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3.
Ex parte oppositions require courtesy copies delivered to the courtroom by the day of the hearing.
Source text: Oppositions must be e-filed no later than 8:30 a.m. on the day of the hearing and courtesy copies are required directly in the courtroom.
Parties must submit 5 identical exhibit notebooks on the first day of trial for parties, court, and witness stand.
Source text: On the first day of trial, the parties are ordered to jointly submit five identical copies of the Exhibit Notebooks as follows: one for each party, two for the Court, and one for the witness stand.
Jury instructions must be e-filed and a printed copy delivered to Dept F51; self-represented parties only need printed copy.
Source text: Jury Instructions shall be submitted by both electronic filing and by a printed copy delivered directly to Department F51. However, non-represented parties are only required to submit jury instructions by delivering a printed copy directly to Department F51.
Courtesy copies of all electronically filed motion-related documents must be delivered to Department A14 within one court day of filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all motion-related documents filed electronically must be delivered to Department A14 within one (1) court day of the electronic filing.
Courtesy copy of the joint IDC report must be delivered to the courtroom within one court day of electronic filing.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the report shall be delivered to the courtroom within one (1) court day of the electronic filing.
Printed courtesy copies of verdict forms and jury instructions must be delivered to Dept F49 upon e-filing.
Source text: Additionally, a printed courtesy copy of all verdict forms and jury instructions shall be filed directly in Department F49 at the time of the electronic filing.
Ex parte application courtesy copies must be provided to Chambers by noon.
Source text: Ex Parte Applications are heard MONDAY through THURSDAY at 11:00 a.m. Courtesy copies to be provided to Chambers by noon.
Courtesy copies for law and motion moving pleadings are due two weeks prior to the hearing date.
Source text: COURTESY COPIES ARE DUE AT THE COURTROOM TWO WEEKS PRIOR TO HEARING DATE AT THE COURTROOM.
Oppositions and replies for law and motion matters require courtesy copies delivered same day as electronic filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all oppositions and replies must be delivered to Department D on the day of the electronic filing.
Courtesy copies of e-filed motions must be delivered by 4:30 PM same business day, or 10 AM next business day if e-filed after 4:30 PM.
Source text: COURTESY PAPER COPIES, PROPERLY TABBED, MUST BE DELIVERED TO THE COURTROOM BY 4:30 P.M. THE SAME BUSINESS DAY THE DOCUMENT IS EFILED. IF THE EFILING IS SUBMITTED AFTER 4:30 P.M., THE COURTESY PAPER COPIES MUST BE DELIVERED TO THE COURTROOM BY 10:00 A.M. THE FOLLOWING BUSINESS DAY.
Ex parte application courtesy copies are due the day before the hearing, with oppositions due by 9:00 AM the day of the hearing.
Source text: For ex parte applications, the parties must deliver courtesy copies to Department D the day before the hearing with any oppositions being delivered to Department D no later than 9:00 a.m. the day of the hearing.
Courtesy copies required for papers filed less than 5 days before hearing, submitted in Dept. F46 hallway box.
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for any papers filed less than 5 days before the scheduled hearing and for voluminous compilations of exhibits. Courtesy copies shall be submitted by depositing the copy in the “Courtesy Copy” box located in the hallway outside Dept. F46.
Exhibit binders require 1 copy for Judicial Assistant and 1 courtesy copy for Judge.
Source text: Exhibit Binders: 1 for the Judicial Assistant that will be marked and 1 courtesy copy for the Judge.
Specific motion types require lodging courtesy copies of points and authorities and supporting documents.
Source text: The following motions require lodging with the court courtesy copies of each party's points and authorities, along with any separate statements, exhibits, or other documents filed in support or opposition: Summary judgment motions; anti-SLAPP motions, petitions for writ of attachment; applications for preliminary injunctions; motions to compel further discovery responses, and any other motions of any kind where the points and authorities and any accompanying supporting materials exceed 35 pages in length.
A printed courtesy copy of verdict forms and jury instructions must be filed in Dept F43 when e-filing.
Source text: Additionally, a printed courtesy copy of all verdict forms and jury instructions shall be filed directly in Department F43 at the time of the electronic filing.
Motions in limine require a 3-ring binder notebook with table of contents and tabs, submitted 2 calendar days before FSC.
Source text: Separate Notebooks Are Required for All Motions in Limine: In addition to filing electronically, the party filing the motion(s) in limine must also submit a 3-ring binder notebook containing all motions, oppositions, and replies. The notebook must have both a Table of Contents and tab dividers to separate each numbered motion and its corresponding opposition and reply. The notebook shall be submitted at least two (2) calendar days prior to the FSC.
All trials require a tabbed 3-ring trial binder with table of contents, lodged 2 calendar days before FSC.
Source text: For all trials (jury and non-jury), the parties/counsel shall jointly prepare and lodge a trial binder with the Court at least two (2) calendar days before the FSC, containing the required trial documents, tabbed and organized into 3-ring binders, with a Table of Contents in the front of each binder...
Four copies of exhibit notebooks must be submitted on first day of trial; exhibits not filed electronically.
Source text: On the first day of trial, the parties are ordered to jointly submit four identical copies of the Exhibit Notebooks as follows: one for each party, one for the Court, and one for the witness stand. Trial and evidentiary hearing exhibits shall not be filed electronically.
A printed courtesy copy of verdict forms and jury instructions must be submitted to Department F47 on or before trial date.
Source text: Additionally, a printed courtesy copy of all verdict forms and jury instructions shall be submitted directly in Department F47 on or before the date of trial.
A courtesy copy of the Complex Civil Case Questionnaire must be provided to the Assistant Supervising Judge, Civil/Complex upon filing.
Source text: The Questionnaire must be filed in the court in which the case is pending. A courtesy copy of the Questionnaire must be provided to the Assistant Supervising Judge, Civil/Complex, who shall determine, with or without a hearing, but with notice to the assigned judge, whether the case should be assigned to the Complex Litigation Program in light of the caseload of the Program, the relative complexity of the case compared with cases then assigned to the Program, and the length of time the case has been pending.
A courtesy copy of the Complex Civil Case Questionnaire must be provided to the Assistant Supervising Judge, Civil/Complex when filed per court order.
Source text: The judge or the party, on order of the court, shall complete the Complex Civil Case Questionnaire designated by the Assistant Supervising Judge, Civil/Complex. The Questionnaire must be filed in the court in which the case is pending. A courtesy copy of the Questionnaire must be provided to the Assistant Supervising Judge, Civil/Complex, who shall determine, with or without a hearing, but with notice to the assigned judge, whether the case should be assigned to the Complex Litigation Program in light of the caseload of the Program, the relative complexity of the case compared with cases then assigned to the Program, and the length of time the case has been pending.
Ex parte applicants appearing by telephone must provide moving papers and proposed order directly to the department.
Source text: An applicant seeking an ex parte order choosing to appear by telephone must comply with California Rules of Court, rule 3.670(d), and must provide copies of the moving papers and proposed order directly to the department in which the matter is to be considered.
Parties filing ex parte oppositions after 4:00 p.m. day before hearing must submit a courtesy copy.
Source text: A party filing an opposition later than 4:00 p.m. the day before the hearing must submit a courtesy copy to the court.
Stipulated judgments must be submitted with original and three copies; court retains original and one copy.
Source text: Original and three copies of the judgment. The court will retain the original and one copy;
Three typed copies of injury reports must be filed with the Presiding Judge’s Office.
Source text: Three typed copies must be filed in the Office of the Presiding Judge of the Juvenile Court.
One copy of injury reports must be filed in the dependency court of record.
Source text: One copy must be filed in the dependency court of record.
Courtesy copy of motion to seal conditionally under seal documents must accompany the sealed documents.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the electronically filed motion or application to submit documents conditionally under seal must be provided with the documents submitted conditionally under seal.
Courtesy copy of ex parte opposition must be provided to the court on the hearing day.
Source text: A printed courtesy copy of any opposition to an ex parte application must be provided to the court the day of the ex parte hearing.
Courtesy copies required for e-filings within 2 days of hearing, delivered by 4:30 PM same day or 10 AM next day if filed after 4:30 PM.
Source text: For any filing electronically filed two or fewer days before the hearing, a courtesy copy must be delivered to the courtroom by 4:30 p.m. the same business day the document is efiled. If the efiling is submitted after 4:30 p.m., the courtesy copy must be delivered to the courtroom by 10:00 a.m. the next business day.
Courtesy copies with proof of e-submission required for specific document types regardless of filing time.
Source text: Regardless of the time of electronic filing, a printed courtesy copy (along with proof of electronic submission) is required for the following documents: i) Any printed document required pursuant to a Standing or General Order; ii) Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more; iii) Pleadings and motions that include points and authorities; iv) Demurrers; v) Anti-SLAPP filings, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16; vi) Motions for Summary Judgment/Adjudication; and vii) Motions to Compel Further Discovery.
Courtesy copy of motion to seal must accompany conditionally sealed documents delivered to courtroom.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the electronically filed motion or application to submit documents conditionally under seal must be provided with the documents submitted conditionally under seal and delivered directly to the courtroom to which the case is assigned.
Courtesy copy of ex parte opposition required on day of hearing.
Source text: A printed courtesy copy of any opposition to an ex parte application must be provided to the Court on the day of the ex parte hearing.
Courtesy copies required for specific documents; delivery timing depends on hearing date and filing time.
Source text: Proof of electronic submission must be submitted with all courtesy copies. Regardless of the time of electronic filing, a printed courtesy copy is required for the following documents: • Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more. • Pleadings and motions that include points and authorities. • Demurrers. • Anti-SLAPP filings, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure Section 425.16. • Motions for Summary Judgment/Adjudication. • Motions to Compel Further Discovery. • Opposition to an ex parte application. Courtesy copies for filings with a hearing date of two (2) days or less shall be delivered to the courtroom by 4:30 p.m. the same business day if the electronic filing is submitted to the courtroom prior to that time. If submitted after 4:30 p.m., the courtesy copy shall be delivered to the courtroom by 10:00 a.m. the next business day.
Oppositions filed after 4:00 p.m. court day before ruling require courtesy copy via email to ProbateExPartes@lacourt.ca.gov.
Source text: If the opposition papers are filed later than 4:00 p.m. on the court day before the date on which the court’s ruling is requested, the opposing party may submit a courtesy copy to the court by emailing the opposition papers in a PDF format to ProbateExPartes@lacourt.ca.gov after filing the opposition.
Courtesy copy of e-filed motion/application for conditionally sealed documents must be submitted with the sealed docs to the department.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the electronically filed motion or application to submit documents conditionally under seal must be provided with the documents submitted conditionally under seal. Provide a courtesy copy to the department.
Courtesy copies are required only for late-filed documents and ex parte oppositions, delivered to Department B.
Source text: Courtesy copies are not requested except for any late-filed document and any ex parte opposition. Please deliver courtesy copies directly to Department B.
Courtesy copies required concurrently with filing for memoranda of points and authorities, documents over 15 pages, SJ compilations, trial readiness/exhibit binders.
Source text: The Court in Dept. 50 requires the parties to deliver courtesy copies to the department of the following documents concurrently with their filing: Any document containing a memorandum of points and authorities, any document that exceeds 15 pages, summary judgment/adjudication compilations in binder or spiral format (to be prepared by the moving party and lodged concurrently with the reply brief – the opposing party does not need to deliver courtesy copies of opposition papers), and trial readiness and exhibit binders.
Courtesy copies for motions filed >30 calendar days before hearing must be delivered no later than 16 court days before hearing.
Source text: If your motion has been filed more than 30 calendar days before the hearing, you must deliver the courtesy copies no later than 16 court days before the hearing.
Pleadings and motions (including attachments) of 26 or more pages require courtesy copies.
Source text: pleadings and motions (including attachments) of 26 pages or more
Demurrers require courtesy copies.
Source text: demurrers
Anti-SLAPP filings require courtesy copies.
Source text: anti-SLAPP filings
Motions for summary judgment or adjudication require courtesy copies.
Source text: motions for summary judgment/adjudication
Motions to compel further discovery require courtesy copies.
Source text: motions to compel further discovery
Oppositions and replies to demurrers, anti-SLAPP, summary judgment, and motions to compel further discovery require courtesy copies.
Source text: any oppositions/replies to demurrers/anti-SLAPP, motions for summary judgement/adjudication, or motions to compel further discovery
All trial documents require courtesy copies.
Source text: all trial documents as described below
All courtesy copies for Department J must be delivered no later than 8:30 a.m. the day after filing.
Source text: Department J is a courtesy copy courtroom. Courtesy copies of any filings are to be delivered to Department J no later than 8:30 a.m. the day after filing.
Ex parte applications require courtesy copies delivered to the court on the morning of the hearing.
Source text: Courtesy copies must be brought for the Court on the morning of the hearing.
Trial document courtesy copies must be lodged 5 court days before final status conference in joint three-ring binders with spines ≤2.5 inches, tabbed, paginated, with index.
Source text: Counsel must also lodge joint courtesy copies of all trial documents in Department J five (5) court days before the final status conference, placed in JOINT three ring binders with spines which do not exceed 2.5 inches. Each document shall be tabbed, paginated, and include an index in the front of each binder.
Courtesy copies must be delivered directly to the courtroom pursuant to the General Order re Mandatory Electronic Filing.
Source text: Please deliver courtesy copies directly to the courtroom pursuant to the General Order re Mandatory Electronic Filing.
A courtesy copy of the joint discovery statement must be delivered to the courtroom three court days before the Informal Discovery Conference.
Source text: a courtesy copy delivered to the courtroom three court days before the Informal Discovery Conference.
Five exhibit books must be provided for the court, clerk, witness stand, plaintiff’s counsel, and defendant’s counsel.
Source text: Five exhibit books must be provided for: the court, the clerk, the witness stand, plaintiff’s and defendant’s counsel.
Department 85 requires courtesy copies of all law and motion papers, trial briefs, evidence, and administrative records.
Source text: Department 85 requires courtesy copies of (a) all law and motion papers and (b) trial briefs, evidence (declarations and exhibits) and/or the administrative record.
Motion-related e-filed documents require a printed courtesy copy with tab separators, delivered by 4:30 p.m. same business day or 10:00 a.m. next business day if e-filed after 4:30 p.m.
Source text: The Court strongly appreciates a printed courtesy copy (with inserted tab separators between exhibits) of motion-related documents filed electronically to be delivered to Department 410 by 4:30 p.m. on the same business day the document is efiled. If the efiling is submitted after 4:30 p.m., the courtesy copy must be delivered to Department 410 no later than 10:00 a.m. the next business day.
Ex parte opposition counsel must deliver a courtesy copy to Dept 410 by 4:30pm day before hearing.
Source text: Any written opposition to the ex parte application by parties represented by counsel must be electronically filed no later than 4:00 p.m. of the day before the ex parte hearing, with a courtesy copy delivered directly to Dept. 410 no later than 4:30 p.m. that same day.
Self-represented parties must file ex parte papers by 8:45am day of hearing, pay fee, and bring courtesy copies for each party.
Source text: Self-represented parties: file with Judicial Assistant in Dept. 410 by 8:45 a.m. on the day of the hearing, after paying any applicable filing fee at the filing window in room 102 (unless the party has a fee waiver). A separate courtesy copy of the papers shall also be brought for each other party in the case. If you wish to have a stamped copy for your own records, please bring another extra copy for that purpose.
Department 306 does not accept courtesy paper copies unless directed by the court.
Source text: Unless directed by the court, Department 306 does not accept courtesy paper copies.
Courtesy copies required for oppositions to ex parte applications, summary judgment motions and related papers; must be tabbed if declarations/exhibits, three-ring binders for lengthy motions.
Source text: With the exceptions of Oppositions to Ex Parte Applications and Motions for, Oppositions to, and Replies to Oppositions to Motions for Summary Judgment or Summary Adjudication, Department 71 does not require courtesy copies of any filed papers. Courtesy copies of Oppositions to Ex Parte Applications and Motions for, Oppositions to, and Replies to Oppositions to Motions for Summary Judgment or Summary Adjudication must be submitted opposing lengthy motions for summary judgment or adjudication, to submit one or more three-ring binders organizing the courtesy copy behind tabs. Any courtesy copies of documents with declarations and/or exhibits must be tabbed. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1110(f).)
Courtesy copies of documents filed less than 5 days before hearing must be submitted via email to SMCDept47@lacourt.org.
Source text: A courtesy copy of any document filed less than five days before the scheduled hearing must be submitted to the Court by email only. The Court’s email address is SMCDept47@lacourt.org.
Paper courtesy copies are prohibited for all documents.
Source text: The Court does not require or request paper courtesy copies. No paper courtesy copies of any document are needed, and no paper courtesy copies should be provided.
Parties must provide two sets of pre-marked exhibits in binders to the court, excluding impeachment exhibits which require two copies each.
Source text: 1. All parties must provide the Court (in the courtroom) with two sets of pre-marked exhibits in binders with the exception of exhibits that are truly impeachment exhibits. This is true even for trials that will be held remotely. For impeachment exhibits, the parties will need to be sure that the Court has two copies of each such exhibit used at trial.
Department 69 requires courtesy copies of all electronically filed documents (with tabbed exhibits) within one court day of filing, with no exceptions.
Source text: Please be advised that Department 69 requires that Courtesy Copies of all documents filed electronically be provided (with tabbed exhibits) within one court day after the electronic filing. This Order applies to complaints, answers, notices, motions, oppositions, replies and all other electronically filed documents. There are no exceptions to this Order.
Post-trial motions require an additional courtesy copy via email to LBCDeptS29@LACourt.org, with all counsel and self-represented litigants copied.
Source text: The Court requests an additional courtesy copy via email sent to: LBCDeptS29@LACourt.org [Note: ALL counsel or self-represented litigants must be copied on anything sent to the Department's email box]
Proposed verdict forms require a courtesy copy sent via email to the Court's email box before trial commences.
Source text: Submit a proposed joint verdict form before trial commences sending a courtesy copy to the Court's email box.
Courtesy copies are required for CMC statements, demurrers, motions (including oppositions/replies), FSC documents, and proposed orders, delivered to the courtroom courtesy box.
Source text: COURTESY COPIES: Courtesy copies (paper copies) are required of CMC statements, demurrers, motions (including any oppositions and replies), FSC documents, and proposed orders. Copies should be delivered in the “courtesy box” outside the courtroom.
Courtesy copies of ex parte papers and oppositions must be provided to Department 307.
Source text: Courtesy copies of the ex-parte papers and any opposition is to be provided to Dept. 307.
Courtesy copies of all motion papers must be delivered to Department 307 immediately upon e-filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all motion papers must be provided to Department 307 at the time of e-filing. Courtesy copies for e-filed motions do not have to be conformed but should have proof of submission of e-filing.
Courtesy copies of joint briefs requesting an IDC must be provided to the department upon filing.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the joint brief is to be provided to the department upon filing.
Courtesy copies of all motions in limine, oppositions, and replies must be provided to the department upon filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all MIL documents, including oppositions and replies are required to be provided to the department upon filing.
Parties must email courtesy copies of all ex parte pleadings to WRDept82@LACourt.org.
Source text: The parties shall email courtesy copies of all pleadings relating to ex parte applications. The email address is as follows: WRDept82@LACourt.org.
Hard copy courtesy copies required for all law and motion papers; email copies not required unless ordered.
Source text: The court requires courtesy copies (hard copies) for all law and motion papers. Email courtesy copies are not required unless ordered by the court.
Hard copy courtesy copies required for all mandamus trial pleadings; email copies not required unless ordered.
Source text: The court requires courtesy copies (hard copies) of all pleadings in connection with mandamus trials. Email courtesy copies are not required unless ordered by the court.
Four tabbed joint exhibit binders must be delivered to the Court, Judicial Assistant, witness stand, and opposing counsel on the day of trial.
Source text: On the day of trial, Counsel are to provide TABBED Joint Exhibit Binder set for the Court, Judicial Assistant, the witness stand, and opposing Counsel for a total of four (4) binders.
Three copies of the Joint Deposition Designation List must be submitted to the Clerk and Court.
Source text: Counsel shall submit a Joint Deposition Designation List beginning with the number 1 and provide three copies of the Deposition Designation List with columns for the Clerk and the Court to use to indicate whether the Deposition Designation is admitted or not.
A courtesy copy of the joint discovery dispute statement must be delivered to chambers upon filing.
Source text: Please deliver a courtesy copy of the succinct joint statement.
Courtesy copies are required for all documents related to summary judgment/adjudication and Anti-SLAPP motions, delivered within 1 court day of e-filing (reply briefs on day due).
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for all documents related to motions for summary judgment/adjudication and Anti-SLAPP motions. For these motions, courtesy copies must be delivered within one court day of the electronic filing, except for reply briefs which must be delivered on the day the reply is due. Courtesy copies are not necessary for other electronically filed motions.
Department 107 does not accept any courtesy copies.
Source text: Courtesy Copies: Department 107 does not accept courtesy copies.
Joint CACI jury instructions must be delivered to Dept 107, no blanks, separate sets if disputed.
Source text: f. Delivered-Jury instructions, fully edited, printed out and delivered to Dept. 107. Submit a joint set of CACI instructions with all information filled in — no remaining brackets or blanks. If instructions are disputed, submit a separate set or sets indicating the party proposing and opposing the instruction.
Three tabbed, indexed exhibit books must be delivered to Dept 107 5 court days before FSC.
Source text: g. Delivered-3 Sets of Exhibit Books, tabbed and indexed, and delivered to Dept 107. (One set for the clerk, one set for the judge, one set for the witness box).
Three tabbed sets of Exhibits Books must be delivered to Dept. S25.
Source text: Please provide 3 sets of Exhibits Books, tabbed and indexed, and delivered to Dept. S25. (One set for the clerk, one set for the judge, and one set for the witness box).
A printed copy of all e-filed documents must be delivered directly to the department upon filing.
Source text: All documents should be e-Filed with a printed copy delivered directly to the department.
Self-represented parties must bring a separate courtesy copy of ex parte papers for each other party.
Source text: A separate courtesy copy of the papers shall also be brought for each other party in the case.
Courtesy copy of IDC joint statement must be delivered to the court.
Source text: Please deliver a courtesy copy of the joint statement.
FSC required documents must be filed 5 days prior to FSC, with courtesy copies delivered to Department 408 2 days before FSC.
Source text: Unless ordered otherwise, at least five (5) days prior to the FSC, counsel must exchange and file with the court all documents required by Superior Court of Los Angeles County Rule 3.25(g), and the court requests the documents be provided in the form described below, in the interests of judicial efficiency. Please deliver courtesy copies of the following documents to Department 408 no later than two (2) days before the FSC:
Courtesy copies are prohibited; no copies should be submitted to chambers.
Source text: NO COURTESY COPIES PLEASE (BUT SEE SECTION G BELOW)
Courtesy copies of TRO/OSC papers must be hand-delivered to Dept 86 at filing and service.
Source text: At the time of filing and service, courtesy copies of the foregoing shall be brought directly to Department 86.
Courtesy copies are not required unless the Court makes a specific request.
Source text: The Court does not require courtesy copies of filed documents unless it makes a specific request.
Informal Discovery Conference Statements and ex parte oppositions are exceptions to the general no courtesy copy rule.
Source text: The only exceptions are Informal Discovery Conference Statements and ex parte oppositions, as explained below.
Hard copy courtesy copies of IDC statements must be provided on the day of filing.
Source text: The parties shall provide the Court with hard copy courtesy copies of the IDC statement on the day of filing.
Ex parte opposition courtesy copies must be delivered directly to the courtroom by 8:30 a.m. on the hearing day.
Source text: Oppositions must be e-filed no later than 8:30 a.m. on the day of the hearing and courtesy copies are required directly in the courtroom.
Department 636 requires courtesy copies of all e-filed pleadings (within 2 days of e-filing) and all ex parte motions, oppositions, and replies.
Source text: DEPARTMENT 636 REQUESTS AND REQUIRES THAT COUNSEL PROVIDE THE COURT NOT ONLY WITH ALL “COURTESY COPIES” REQUIRED TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE OPERATIVE GENERAL ORDER DEALING WITH E-FILING ISSUES, BUT ALSO WITH COURTESY COPIES OF ALL PLEADINGS WITH THOSE COPIES TO BE PROVIDED WITHIN TWO (2) DAYS OF THE E-FILING AS WELL AS COURTESY COPIES OF ALL EX PARTE MOTIONS, OPPOSITIONS THERETO AND REPLYS.
Courtesy copies required only for ex parte oppositions and summary judgment motion papers, submitted to Dept 58.
Source text: With the exceptions of Oppositions to Ex Parte Applications and Motions for, Oppositions to, and Replies to Oppositions to Motions for Summary Judgment or Summary Adjudication, Department 58 does not require courtesy copies of any filed papers. Courtesy copies of Oppositions to Ex Parte Applications and Motions for, Oppositions to, and Replies to Oppositions to Motions for Summary Judgment or Summary Adjudication must be submitted directly to Department 58.
Courtesy copies required for specified document types including pleadings/motions over 26 pages, demurrers, anti-SLAPP filings, MSJs, discovery motions, and trial documents.
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for (1) any printed document required pursuant to a Standing or General Order; (2) pleadings and motions (including attachments) of 26 pages or more; (3) pleadings and motions that include points and authorities; (4) demurrers; (5) anti-SLAPP filings; (6) motions for summary judgment/adjudication; (7) motions to compel judgment/adjudication, or motions to compel further discovery; and (9) all trial documents as described in the Trial Preparation Orders.
Pleadings and motions of 26 or more pages require courtesy copies.
Source text: pleadings and motions (including attachments) of 26 pages or more
Courtesy copies required for summary judgment/adjudication and Anti-SLAPP motions, delivered within one court day (reply briefs on due date).
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for all documents related to motions for summary judgment/adjudication and Anti-SLAPP motions. For these motions, courtesy copies must be delivered within one court day of the electronic filing, except for reply briefs which must be delivered on the day the reply is due. Courtesy copies are not necessary for other electronically filed motions.
Courtesy copies required for documents e-filed within 2 court days of scheduled hearing
Source text: COURTESY COPIES are only required if a document is e-filed within 2 court days ofscheduled hearing pursuant to the General Order re: Electronic Filing
Courtesy copy required for ex parte opposition filed after 4:00 p.m. the court day before the hearing.
Source text: If written opposition is electronically filed after 4:00 p.m. the court day before, a printed courtesy copy is required.
Paper courtesy copies of all MSJ/MSA moving, opposition, and reply papers required, delivered to Courtroom Assistant on filing date.
Source text: This court requires courtesy copies of papers submitted in connection with a Motion for Summary Judgment or a Motion for Summary Adjudication. Please submit paper courtesy copies of all moving, opposition, and reply papers submitted in connection with a Motion for Summary Judgment or a Motion for Summary Adjudication. Please lodge these courtesy copies on the date the papers are electronically filed. Department 300 does not maintain a “drop box;” please deliver courtesy copies directly to the Courtroom Assistant.
Courtesy copies of trial documents required, delivered to Courtroom Assistant; prohibited for other non-trial documents unless requested.
Source text: This court requires courtesy copies of trial documents. Department 300 does not maintain a “drop box;” please deliver courtesy copies directly to the Courtroom Assistant. Please do not submit courtesy copies of any other non-trial documents unless specifically requested by the Court.
Physical courtesy copies are required for motions for summary judgment/adjudication, anti-SLAPP motions, and motions with voluminous exhibits or declarations.
Source text: Physical courtesy copies of motions are required for: 1) Motions for Summary Judgment or Adjudication; 2) Anti-SLAPP Motions; and 3) Any other motion supported by voluminous exhibits or declarations.
Courtesy copies of electronically filed motion-related documents must be delivered to Department 39 within 1 court day of filing.
Source text: Courtesy copies of all motion-related documents filed electronically must be delivered to Department 39 within one (1) court day of the electronic filing.
One courtesy copy of ex parte opposition must be emailed to Dept 534 resource account by 8:30 AM day of hearing.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the opposition must be submitted by 8:30 a.m. the day of the ex parte hearing to the Department 534 resource account at SMCDept534@lacourt.ca.gov. (No other materials may be submitted to that resource account except as provided herein without a court order.)
One courtesy copy of each Notice of Related Cases must be emailed to Dept 534 resource account.
Source text: For related case determinations made in Department 534, a courtesy copy of each Notice of Related Cases must be submitted to the Department 534 resource account at SMCDept534@lacourt.ca.gov. (No other materials may be submitted to that resource account except as provided herein without a court order.)
Pleadings and motions of 26 or more pages require printed courtesy copies upon electronic filing.
Source text: Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more.
Listed document types require printed courtesy copies upon electronic filing.
Source text: Pleadings and motions that include points and authorities. • Demurrers. • Anti-SLAPP filings, pursuant to Code of Civil procedure section 425.16. • Motions for Summary Judgment/Adjudication. • Motions to Compel Further Discovery. • Opposition to an ex parte application.
Courtesy copies required for summary judgment motions and voluminous exhibits, submitted to box outside Dept U.
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for summary judgment motions and for voluminous compilations of exhibits. Courtesy copies shall be submitted by depositing the copy in the “Courtesy Copy” box located in the hallway outside Department U.
Proponent must bring 4 copies of exhibits used for impeachment/not disclosed to opposing counsel.
Source text: if a party uses an exhibit at trial which was not provided to opposing counsel, e.g., an exhibit used for impeachment and not disclosed in discovery, then the proponent is responsible for bringing 4 copies (one for the Judicial Assistant, one for the Court, one for opposing counsel, and one for the witness).
Pleadings and motions of 26 or more pages require a printed courtesy copy regardless of filing time.
Source text: Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more;
Courtesy copies must be provided pursuant to the First Amended General Order dated May 3, 2019.
Source text: Courtesy copies shall be provided pursuant to the First Amended General Order dated May 3, 2019.
Printed courtesy copies required for filings electronically filed two or fewer days before hearing, delivered by 4:30 p.m. same day or 10:00 a.m. next business day if filed after 4:30 p.m.
Source text: Printed Courtesy Copies are required for any filing electronically filed two or fewer days before the hearing, a courtesy copy must 6 be delivered to the courtroom by 4:30 p.m. the same business day the document is efiled. If the efiling is submitted after 4:30 p.m., the courtesy copy must be delivered to the courtroom by I0:00 a.m. the next b4siness day.
Printed courtesy copy with proof of electronic submission required for specific document types regardless of electronic filing time.
Source text: Regardless of the time of electronic filing, a printed courtesy copy (along with proof of electronic submission) is required for the following documents: i) Any printed document required pursuant to a Standing or General Order; ii) Pleadings and motions (including attachments such as declarations and exhibits) of 26 pages or more; iii) Pleadings and motions that include points and authorities; iv) Demurrers; v) Anti-SLAPP filings, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 425. vi) Motions for Summary Judgment/ Adjudication; and vii) Motions to Compel Further Discovery.
Ex parte applications require courtesy copies delivered to the court on the morning of the hearing.
Source text: Courtesy copies must be brought for the Court on the morning of the hearing.
Courtesy copies of trial documents must be lodged in Department N five court days before FSC in joint three-ring binders, tabbed with index.
Source text: Counsel must also lodge courtesy copies of all trial documents in Department N five court days before the final status conference, placed in JOINT three ring binders. Each document shall be tabbed, with an index provided in the front of each binder.
Motions in limine and related documents must be tabbed, indexed, with courtesy copy delivered five court days before FSC.
Source text: Mils must comply with LASC Rule 3.57. (1) the MIL; (2) opposition to the MIL; and (3) any reply. The documents must be tabbed and indexed with the courtesy copy delivered to the Court five court days before the final status conference.
Three copies of all exhibits must be provided on the first day of trial for the court, clerk, and witness stand.
Source text: Three (3) copies of all exhibits shall be provided on the first day of trial—one for the Court, the clerk, and a separate copy for the witness stand.
Courtesy copies of motion papers are not required and will not be accepted by the Court.
Source text: Courtesy copies of motion papers are not required and will not be accepted by the Court.
Hard copies of joint trial readiness documents must be three-hole bound and delivered to court the day before the FSC.
Source text: In addition to the filing and service of the documents, hard copies of the documents must be assembled in three-hole binders and delivered to the Court the day before the FSC.
Moving party must lodge indexed, tabbed three-ring binder of motion in limine papers in Dept 57 one day before FSC.
Source text: No later than one day before the FSC, the moving party for each motion in limine must lodge directly in Dept. 57 an indexed and tabbed three-ring binder containing conformed copies of all moving, opposition, and reply papers.
Courtesy copies are not required for any filings except Motions in Limine.
Source text: Other than for Motions in Limine (discussed below), no courtesy copies are required.
Party with most MILs must deliver a tabbed, indexed binder of all MIL filings to the court five court days before the final status conference.
Source text: The party filing the most motions in limine (or Plaintiff if the number of motions in limine filed by each side is equal) is to create binders of ALL MILs, including moving papers, opposition and reply briefs. These binders should be provided to the court five court days prior to the Final Status Conference. The party filing the most MILs must assemble the MILs into a binder for the Court containing: (1) the MIL; (2) opposition to the MIL; and (3) any reply. The documents must be tabbed and indexed with the courtesy copy delivered to the Court five court days before the final status conference.
Ex Parte applications require courtesy copies delivered to the court on the morning of the hearing.
Source text: Courtesy copies must be brought for the Court on the morning of the hearing.
Three exhibit binders must be delivered to Department P on or before the first day of trial, labeled and tabbed by exhibit number.
Source text: On or before the first day of trial, counsel shall bring three Exhibit binders (discussed below) to Department P. On or before the day of trial, the parties shall lodge three (3) sets of exhibit binders, with an exhibit list in the front of each binder to serve as an index, and with divider tabs numbered by exhibit. The binders should be labeled with the name and case number for the case, and each binder shall be labeled “Judicial Assistant,” “Judge” or “Witness.”
Courtesy copies with tabbed exhibits required for specified motions and ex parte apps, delivered to Dept 17 within 1 day of e-filing.
Source text: The Court requires courtesy copies (with tabbed exhibits) for Motions for Summary Judgment/Adjudication, Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings, Motions to Strike (Anti-SLAPP), Informal Discovery Conference briefs, and Ex Parte Applications. The conformed, printed courtesy copies are to be delivered directly to Dept. 17 within a day of electronic filing.
Ex parte oppositions require courtesy copies delivered directly to the courtroom by 8:30 a.m. on the hearing day.
Source text: Oppositions must be e-filed no later than by 8:30 a.m. on the day of the hearing and courtesy copies are required directly in the courtroom.
Three tabbed, marked, paginated exhibit binder sets required at FSC for court, judicial assistant, and witness.
Source text: At least three sets of exhibit binders – tabbed, marked, and paginated – are required at the FSC: a set each for the Court, judicial assistant, and witness. Counsel must also supply an exhibit binder to each opposing party if not exchanged electronically.
Courtesy copies of motions must be delivered directly to Department A even if electronically filed.
Source text: COURTESY COPIES: Please deliver courtesy copies of documents directly to Department A. In compliance with the Court’s policy regarding electronic filing, courtesy copies of motions should be delivered to Department A even though the documents have been electronically filed.
Contested motions (Adjudication, Demurrers, SLAPP, Ex Parte) require courtesy copies submitted as soon as practicable; routine pleadings do not. Failure to file may result in continuance.
Source text: Adjudication, Demurrers, SLAPP motions, Ex Parte motions and any other motion likely to be contested. All courtesy copies should be submitted as soon as practicable. Courtesy copies for routine pleadings and filings (e.g., complaints, answers, request for default, etc.) are not requested. Failing to file courtesy copies may result in a continuance of the matter.
Courtesy copies of ex parte applications must be filed with the Court as soon as possible.
Source text: Courtesy copies shall also be filed with the Court as soon as possible.
Courtesy copies of motions are prohibited unless specifically requested by the court.
Source text: Please do not deliver a courtesy copy of the motion to the court unless specifically requested to do so.
Five sets of tabbed and indexed exhibit books must be delivered to Department T for trial.
Source text: 7. Delivered-5 Sets of Exhibit Books, tabbed and indexed, and delivered to Dept. T. (One set for the clerk, one set for the judge, one set for the witness box and each side to have a copy.)
Courtesy copies with tabbed exhibits required for motions, briefs, petitions, applications, trial documents, delivered to Department H within one day of e-filing.
Source text: The Court requires courtesy copies (with tabbed exhibits) for motions, briefs, petitions, applications, and trial documents. The conformed, printed courtesy copies are to be delivered directly to Department H within one day of electronic filing.
Courtesy copy of IDC joint statement must be delivered within one day of filing.
Source text: the parties and counsel shall deliver a courtesy copy of the succinct joint statement within one day of filing it.
Courtesy copies with tabbed exhibits required for motions, briefs, petitions, applications, and trial documents, delivered to Department A within 24 hours of e-filing.
Source text: The Court requires courtesy copies (with tabbed exhibits) for motions, briefs, petitions, applications, and trial documents. The conformed, printed courtesy copies are to be delivered directly to Department A within a day of electronic filing.
Courtesy copies are required for summary judgment motions (and related oppositions/replies), motions to compel further discovery (and related oppositions/replies), and all trial documents per the court's trial order.
Source text: Courtesy copies are required for: (1) motions for summary judgment/adjudication along with oppositions and replies; (2) motions to compel further discovery along with oppositions and replies; and (3) all trial documents as described in the court’s trial order.
Courtesy copies of all trial documents must be lodged in Department M 5 court days before the final status conference, in joint three-ring binders with tabs and an index.
Source text: Counsel must also lodge courtesy copies of all trial documents in Department M five court days before the final status conference, placed in JOINT three ring binders. Each document shall be tabbed, with an index provided in the front of each binder.
Three sets of exhibit binders must be lodged by the trial date, with exhibit list index, numbered divider tabs, and labeled with case details and role (Judicial Assistant, Judge, Witness).
Source text: On or before the day of trial, the parties shall lodge three (3) sets of exhibit binders, with an exhibit list in the front of each binder to serve as an index, and with divider tabs numbered by exhibit. The binders should be labeled with the name and case number for the case, and each binder shall be labeled “Judicial Assistant,” “Judge” or “Witness.”
The party filing the most MILs must assemble them into a tabbed, indexed binder with MIL, opposition, and reply, delivered to the Court 5 court days before the final status conference.
Source text: The party filing the most MILs must assemble the MILs into a binder for the Court containing: (1) the MIL; (2) opposition to the MIL; and (3) any reply. The documents must be tabbed and indexed with the courtesy copy delivered to the Court five court days before the final status conference.
Courtesy copies of ex parte oppositions should be brought directly to the courtroom before the hearing.
Source text: Written oppositions shall be electronically filed by 8:30 a.m. the day of the ex parte hearing and courtesy copies should be brought directly to the courtroom before the hearing.
Courtesy copies are required only when requested by the court.
Source text: Courtesy Copies: Only if requested by Court
Counsel should deliver a courtesy copy of filed motion materials to Department 406 within 5 court days.
Source text: within 5 court days of the filing, counsel should deliver a courtesy copy of the material to Department 406.
Courtesy copies are required only for ex parte oppositions and summary judgment/adjudication papers, must be submitted directly to Dept 78, and are destroyed after the hearing.
Source text: Except for oppositions to ex parte applications and papers related to motions for summary judgment/adjudication, Department 78 does not require courtesy copies of any filed papers. Such courtesy copies must be submitted directly to Department 78. Courtesy copies, including any media attached thereto, will be destroyed by the Court without notice following the hearing.
Tabbed exhibit binders should be provided to the judge, judicial assistant, opposing counsel, and reporter for Unlawful Detainer trials.
Source text: Binders should be provided for the Judge, Judicial Assistant, Opposing Counsel and Reporter.
Courtesy copies of motions and motion-related documents are not required for Department F47.
Source text: Courtesy copies of motions, motion related documents are not required for Department F47.
Parties may lodge courtesy paper copies with the court to assist the judge.
Source text: courtesy paper copies will assist the court, they may lodge them with the court.
No courtesy copies are required for filings in Department 19.
Source text: The Court does not require courtesy copies.
Courtesy copies of ex parte applications and supporting docs are requested to be lodged in Dept 38 on the e-filing day.
Source text: Courtesy copies of ex parte application and supporting documentation are requested to be lodged directly in Department 38 on the day of e-filing.
Courtesy copies of law & motion moving papers, opposition, reply, and supporting evidence are requested to be lodged in Dept 38 on e-filing day.
Source text: A courtesy copy of the moving papers, opposition, reply, and any supporting evidence are requested to be lodged directly in Department 38 on the same day of e-filing.
Courtesy filings are accepted in person during courtroom hours (8:30 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. and 1:30 p.m. - 4:30 p.m. daily).
Source text: The Court is open 8:30 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. and 1:30p.m. - 4:30 p.m. each day. During these hours, the phones will be answered and courtesy filings may be made.
Courtesy copies are not required for any court filings.
Source text: Courtesy copies are not required.
Courtesy copies are not required unless the court orders otherwise, with paperless policy applying to all documents except trial documents, motions in limine, and trial exhibits.
Source text: Except for trial documents, motions in limine, and trial exhibits, Department 74 aims to be a paperless department. Thus, unless the court orders otherwise, the court does not need courtesy copies.
No courtesy copies are required for filings in this courtroom.
Source text: The Court does not require courtesy copies.
Courtesy copies of filings are not required unless the Court makes a specific request.
Source text: The Court does not need courtesy copies of filings unless it makes a specific request.
Courtesy copies are accepted but not required.
Source text: COURTESY COPIES: Accepted, but not required.
Court requests courtesy paper copies of all motions, oppositions, and replies be lodged in Department 205.
Source text: In addition to the requirement set forth in the General Order re Mandatory Electronic Filings for Civil dated November 5, 2018, the court requests attorneys and parties to lodge in Department 205 courtesy paper copies of all motions, oppositions, and replies.
Courtesy copies are not required but are accepted by the Court.
Source text: The Court does not require, but does accept, courtesy copies.
Courtesy copies are not required for electronically filed motions not explicitly mandated to provide them.
Source text: Courtesy copies are not required for other electronically filed motions.
MSJ/MA courtesy copies are encouraged to be in three-ring binders with tabs; all courtesy copies with declarations/exhibits must be tabbed, and deposition excerpts in briefs must be marked on attached transcripts.
Source text: Parties filing and opposing lengthy motions for summary judgment or adjudication are strongly encouraged to submit one or more three-ring binders organizing the courtesy copy behind tabs. Any courtesy copies of documents with declarations and/or exhibits must be tabbed. (Rules of Court, rule 3.1110(f).) All deposition excerpts referenced in briefs must be marked on the transcripts attached as exhibits. (Rules of Court, rule 3.1116(c).)
Paper courtesy copies of e-filed documents are not required except in extraordinary circumstances, for in camera review, or where required by law.
Source text: Parties need not deliver paper courtesy copies of electronically filed documents, unless extraordinary circumstances such as time constraints or a need for in camera review are present, or where the law requires it (e.g. filing documents provisionally under seal).
No courtesy copies are required for any filings.
Source text: Courtesy Copies: None required
Courtesy copies of motion papers are not required, but the Court may order them for specified documents in a case.
Source text: Counsel are not expected to submit courtesy copies of motion papers to the Department. The Court may require parties to provide courtesy copies of specified documents in a particular case.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
Courtesy copies are required for ex parte oppositions. Details: delivery day of hearing, by hand delivery. A printed courtesy copy of ex parte oppositions must be provided to the court on the hearing day.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
Courtesy copies are required for all covered filings. Details: delivery by 4 30pm same business day or 10am next business day, by hand delivery. Filings e-filed two or fewer days before hearing require a courtesy copy delivered by 4:30 p.m. same day, or 10:00 a.m. next business day if e-filed after 4:30 p.m.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
Courtesy copies are required when a filing is >= 26 pages. Details: delivery upon filing, by hand delivery. Pleadings and motions of 26 or more pages require a printed courtesy copy.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
Courtesy copies are required for demurrer. Details: delivery upon filing, by hand delivery. Demurrers require a printed courtesy copy.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
Courtesy copies are required for pro se filers. Details: delivery day of hearing, by hand delivery. Self-represented parties must file ex parte papers by 8:45am day of hearing, pay fee, and bring courtesy copies for each party.
Are courtesy copies required in Los Angeles Superior Court?
The rule limits courtesy-copy delivery rather than stating a blanket requirement in Los Angeles Superior Court. Courtesy copies are not required unless the Court makes a specific request.
Related categories
Back to all rules for this courtPage & Word Limits
Maximum page counts and word limits for motions, briefs, and other filings by judge.
Electronic Filing Rules
Electronic filing requirements, permitted filing channels, EFSP portals, and exceptions.
Filing Timing and Cure Windows
Filing cutoffs, deemed-filed rules, rejection handling, cure periods, and outage procedures.
Service and Proof of Service Rules
E-service, mail, personal service, proof of service, certificate, and timing requirements.